{"id":77,"date":"2014-02-09T20:29:43","date_gmt":"2014-02-09T19:29:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/?page_id=77"},"modified":"2017-02-01T15:48:26","modified_gmt":"2017-02-01T14:48:26","slug":"vystavky","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/vystavky\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdstavky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jako v\u00fdstavek se ozna\u010duje jedinec obvykle generativn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, omezen\u011b vegetativn\u00edho, z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ponechan\u00fd na porostn\u00ed plo\u0161e p\u0159i m\u00fdtn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b pro semennou obnovu porostu nebo produkci jakostn\u00edch sortiment\u016f, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f estetick\u00fdch, ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody aj. (Kadav\u00fd et al. 2011). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavk\u016f bylo zalo\u017eeno v\u00fdstavkov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto syst\u00e9mu se ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 10, 20 a\u017e 30 vit\u00e1ln\u00edch strom\u016f s\u00a0kvalitn\u00edmi kmeny na hektar, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed zajistit dostate\u010dnou obnovu (p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zmlazen\u00ed) a v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm produk\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed poskytnout jakostn\u00ed sortimenty.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
P\u0159\u00edklad star\u00e9ho dubov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstavku v mlad\u0161\u00edm okoln\u00edm porostu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u00fdstavky ve v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u00edch jsou celkem vz\u00e1cn\u00e9, proto\u017ee prim\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem hospoda\u0159en\u00ed v t\u011bchto porostech byla obvykle rychl\u00e1 rotace d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty, tj. kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 doba obm\u00fdt\u00ed. Z lesnick\u00e9ho pohledu se v\u00fdstavky ponech\u00e1valy jako zdroj osiva na vyk\u00e1cen\u00fdch pasek\u00e1ch, ke generativn\u00edmu, tedy p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu zmlazen\u00ed dan\u00e9ho druhu d\u0159eviny.\u00a0 V\u00fdstavek je tedy\u00a0 strom umysln\u011b ponechan\u00fd p\u0159i m\u00fdtn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b\u00a0 pro jedno nebo n\u011bkoliker\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed obm\u00fdt\u00ed, bu\u010f aby poskytl semeno pro dal\u0161\u00ed obnovu nebo aby dorostl v\u00a0porostu mlad\u0161\u00edm o cel\u00e9 obm\u00fdt\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f, hledan\u00fdch pro zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed (Kon\u0161el, 1940). Poleno (1994)\u00a0 p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b funkci estetickou, d\u016fvod ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody aj. Tato praxe p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby. Proto \u0159\u00eddce zastoupen\u00e9 v\u00fdstavky maj\u00ed ve v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u00edch i mimo n\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Star\u00e9 exempl\u00e1\u0159e maj\u00ed velik\u00fd a \u010dasto nedocen\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pro biodiverzitu, nebo\u0165 na rozd\u00edl od okoln\u00edch strom\u016f jsou mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, star\u0161\u00ed a dosahuj\u00ed obvykle v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed d\u0159eviny. Jsou vhodn\u00e9 pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f, a to nejen t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v dutin\u00e1ch strom\u016f, ale t\u0159eba i dravc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z v\u00fd\u0161ky v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehled. Slou\u017e\u00ed jako m\u00edsto \u00fakrytu a rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch men\u0161\u00edch savc\u016f. Zejm\u00e9na ve st\u00e1diu dosp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, zralosti a rozpadu jsou vhodn\u00fdm m\u00e9diem pro hmyz i d\u0159evn\u00ed houby. Star\u00e9 v\u00fdstavky jako funguj\u00edc\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my mohou b\u00fdt zdrojem a z\u00e1kladnou pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ech zastoupen\u00fdch druh\u016f do okoln\u00edch porost\u016f. To samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt na p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 porosty pozitivn\u00ed \u010di negativn\u00ed vliv.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstavky jsou obvykle 2 x star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed porost, mohou v\u0161ak b\u00fdt i podstatn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku. Nap\u0159\u00edklad hrani\u010dn\u00ed stromy, a\u0165 ji\u017e duby nebo buky v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch a jedle a smrky ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch poloh\u00e1ch, hr\u00e1ly v historii vlastnick\u00fdch vztah\u016f v\u00fdznamnou roli ji\u017e od d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob. U listn\u00e1\u010d\u016f byla \u010dasto redukov\u00e1na koruna, v\u011btve se vyu\u017e\u00edvaly jako letnina pro p\u0159ikrmov\u00e1n\u00ed dobytka. Vznikly tak hlavov\u00e9 stromy s mohutn\u00fdm kmenem a relativn\u011b malou korunou. Tento postup byl obvykl\u00fd i na m\u00edstech, kde p\u016fvodn\u00ed les byl p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bn na pastviny a jednotliv\u00e9 stromy byly ponech\u00e1ny jak pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u017eivnosti dan\u00e9ho prostoru, tak pro poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00ednu v letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt krajina ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy, oblast Lan\u017ehotska, s roztrou\u0161en\u00fdmi star\u00fdmi duby.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
V\u00fdstavky dub\u016f na Pohansku u B\u0159eclavi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byly v\u00fdstavky ponech\u00e1v\u00e1ny z estetick\u00e9ho hlediska, zejm\u00e9na na lesn\u00edch palouc\u00edch nebo na h\u016f\u0159e zalesniteln\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch, kde p\u0159isp\u00edvaly i k p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu zmlazen\u00ed. V\u00fdstavky tak\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt v b\u0159ehov\u00fdch porostech, v doprovodn\u00fdch v\u00fdsadb\u00e1ch kolem komunikac\u00ed aj., kde kdysi byl tak\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n v\u00fdmladkov\u00fd les, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b st\u0159edn\u00ed les. Dnes, v souvislosti se zachov\u00e1n\u00edm biodiverzity v les\u00edch a ochranou p\u0159\u00edrody v ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9m pojet\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ponech\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch strom\u016f v porostu, kter\u00e9 by byly zanech\u00e1ny p\u0159irozen\u00fdm rozkladn\u00fdm proces\u016fm, v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159irozen\u00fdm roces\u016fm st\u00e1rnut\u00ed. Tedy vytvo\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 by plnily mno\u017estv\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edch funkc\u00ed a\u017e do jejich rozpadu (Vacek et al. 2007).<\/p>\n

Mo\u017enosti v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdstavk\u016f ve v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u00edch odvis\u00ed od zp\u016fsobu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00fdch porost\u016f a postupu p\u0159i jejich zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. V typick\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin\u00e1ch v\u00fdstavky najdeme jen z\u0159\u00eddka. V lese st\u0159edn\u00edm, kde je kombinov\u00e1no pa\u0159ezen\u00ed (v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed) s dopl\u0148kovou v\u00fdsadbou ( \u010di n\u00e1letem) generativn\u00edch jedinc\u016f maj\u00ed tyto stromy v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed uplatn\u011bn\u00ed a opodstatn\u011bn\u00ed. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech do\u0161lo k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavk\u016f, vyrostl\u00fdch i z v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch polykormon\u016f. Dnes se ji\u017e u p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny jedinc\u016f t\u011b\u017eko ur\u010duje jejich p\u016fvod, tj. zda jsou vegetativn\u00edho nebo generativn\u00edho p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i pr\u016fzkumu lokalit starobyl\u00fdch les\u016f zji\u0161\u0165ujeme u v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u00fdstavk\u016f krom\u011b druhu d\u0159eviny i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed dendrometrick\u00e9 \u00fadaje:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 pr\u016fm\u011br kmene ve v\u00fd\u0161i \u00a01,3 m nad zem\u00ed (v cm), a to kolmo na osu kmene,<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 celkovou v\u00fd\u0161ku (v m),<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v\u00fd\u0161ku nasazen\u00ed koruny (v m) a pr\u016fm\u011br koruny (v m) \u2013 na z\u00e1klad\u011b\u00a0dvou na sebe kolm\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, kdy\u00a0prvn\u00ed sm\u011br m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed je d\u00e1n nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed koruny.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00edcekmenn\u00e9ho jedince m\u011b\u0159\u00edme pr\u016fm\u011br u v\u0161ech kmen\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jako v\u00fdstavek se ozna\u010duje jedinec obvykle generativn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, omezen\u011b vegetativn\u00edho, z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ponechan\u00fd na porostn\u00ed plo\u0161e p\u0159i m\u00fdtn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b pro semennou obnovu porostu nebo produkci jakostn\u00edch sortiment\u016f, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f estetick\u00fdch, ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody aj. (Kadav\u00fd et al. 2011). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavk\u016f bylo zalo\u017eeno v\u00fdstavkov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci tohoto syst\u00e9mu se ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 10, 20 a\u017e 30 vit\u00e1ln\u00edch strom\u016f … <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed „V\u00fdstavky“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-77","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00fdstavky - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/vystavky\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00fdstavky - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jako v\u00fdstavek se ozna\u010duje jedinec obvykle generativn\u00edho p\u016fvodu, omezen\u011b vegetativn\u00edho, z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ponechan\u00fd na porostn\u00ed plo\u0161e p\u0159i m\u00fdtn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b pro semennou obnovu porostu nebo produkci jakostn\u00edch sortiment\u016f, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00a0d\u016fvod\u016f estetick\u00fdch, ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody aj. (Kadav\u00fd et al. 2011). Na z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdstavk\u016f bylo zalo\u017eeno v\u00fdstavkov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. 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