{"id":602,"date":"2017-01-19T10:50:27","date_gmt":"2017-01-19T09:50:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/?page_id=602"},"modified":"2017-02-06T16:36:25","modified_gmt":"2017-02-06T15:36:25","slug":"np-podyji","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/np-podyji\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Podyj\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park (= NP) Podyj\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edm s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm historick\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka. \u00dadol\u00ed Dyje bylo odprad\u00e1vna vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k\u00a0t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch lesn\u00edch produkt\u016f, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fadoln\u00ed nivy byly p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na louky a rovinat\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na plo\u0161in\u011b s\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdou byly kultivov\u00e1ny na poln\u00ed kultury. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u011bla v\u00a0krajin\u011b Podyj\u00ed pastva, kter\u00e1 s\u00a0r\u016fznou intenzitou formovala zdej\u0161\u00ed biotopy a v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed ur\u010dovala celkovou pokryvnost a podobu lesn\u00edch porost\u016f. Naproti tomu poloha na zemsk\u00e9 hranici, \u201edaleko od centra d\u011bn\u00ed\u201c, a pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dlenit\u00fd reli\u00e9f oblasti zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinily, \u017ee \u00fazem\u00ed nebylo prakticky nikdy hust\u011b os\u00eddleno, a proto zde m\u016f\u017eeme hovo\u0159it o vysok\u00e9 zachovalosti p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jednou z\u00a0forem vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed podyjsk\u00fdch les\u016f bylo p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed pa\u0159ezin neboli v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f. Podle dochovan\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f zde bylo v\u00a0minulosti \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 a podobn\u011b jako v\u00a0jin\u00fdch oblastech na\u0161eho st\u00e1tu za\u010dalo ustupovat teprve s\u00a0rozvojem modern\u00edho lesnictv\u00ed v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed, a\u017e ve 20. stolet\u00ed zcela zaniklo. Ruku v\u00a0ruce se z\u00e1nikem aktivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch n\u00edzk\u00fdch les\u016f ustoupila a posl\u00e9ze zcela vymizela voln\u00e1 pastva dobytka. P\u016fsoben\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka v\u00a0krajin\u011b bylo zcela z\u00e1sadn\u011b p\u0159eru\u0161eno po vys\u00eddlen\u00ed n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edch obyvatel ze znojemsk\u00e9ho pohrani\u010d\u00ed po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. \u00daplnou zk\u00e1zu tradi\u010dn\u00edmu obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159inesla kolektivizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a uzav\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny Podyj\u00ed do hrani\u010dn\u00edho p\u00e1sma.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do pop\u0159ed\u00ed problematika v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho zdroje biodiverzity i jako kulturn\u011b-historick\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Bohu\u017eel lesnick\u00e1 evidence v\u00a0uplynul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed pa\u0159eziny ignorovala, a proto dnes existuje jen omezen\u00e1 p\u0159edstava o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f u n\u00e1s. P\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce shrnuje v\u00fdsledky mapov\u00e1n\u00ed pa\u0159ezin na \u00fazem\u00ed NP Podyj\u00ed a jeho ochrann\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma v\u00a0letech 2014 a 2015. Snahou je p\u0159edlo\u017eit p\u0159ehled nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch lokalit v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f tohoto velkoplo\u0161n\u00e9ho chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, v\u00a0jeho\u017e strategii ochrany je zahrnuta i obnova v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed na vybran\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. V\u00fdsledek t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017ee poslou\u017eit jako z\u00e1klad pro dal\u0161\u00ed dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace, nap\u0159. o biodiverzit\u011b jednotliv\u00fdch lokalit.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i z\u00e1kresu lokalit byly jako hranice zvoleny hrani\u010dn\u00ed linie katastr\u016f, biochor, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed pomocn\u00e9 linie (nap\u0159. h\u0159bety svah\u016f, hrany \u00fadol\u00ed, lesn\u00ed cesty apod.). Biochory byly p\u0159evzaty z\u00a0pr\u00e1ce Culka et al. (2013). V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b biochor byla hranice m\u00edsty modifikov\u00e1na, aby nebyly vyli\u0161ov\u00e1ny plo\u0161n\u011b p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9 polygony. Pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed a celistvost z\u00e1kres\u016f byly v zakreslen\u00fdch polygonech n\u00edzk\u00fdch les\u016f ponech\u00e1ny i dna \u00fadol\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f \u0159eky Dyje, kter\u00e9 jsou zpravidla pokryty p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b vysok\u00fdm lesem.<\/p>\n

Vyli\u0161eny byly nejreprezentativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lokality s\u00a0v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm pod\u00edlem v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch strom\u016f. Prvky v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f lze naj\u00edt roztrou\u0161en\u011b po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed NP, av\u0161ak p\u0159i mapov\u00e1n\u00ed byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost plo\u0161n\u011b souvislej\u0161\u00edm komplex\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed lokalit bylo zvoleno pokud mo\u017eno dle m\u00edstn\u00edho n\u00e1zvu uveden\u00e9ho v\u00a0topografick\u00fdch nebo turistick\u00fdch map\u00e1ch, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b dle nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho vhodn\u00e9ho bodu.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu jako podklad poslou\u017eily i star\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 sn\u00edmky z\u00a050. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a mapy 3. vojensk\u00e9ho mapov\u00e1n\u00ed (oboj\u00ed dostupn\u00e9 na http:\/\/kontaminace.cenia.cz)<\/p>\n

<\/a>
Vykopan\u00e9 ko\u0159eny dubov\u00e9ho polykormonu nad \u0160obesem<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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V\u00fdsledky ter\u00e9nn\u00edho pr\u016fzkumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>
Vymezen\u00e9 lokality lesa v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu v NP Podyj\u00ed (\u010d\u00edsla lokalit odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edsl\u016fm v tabulce)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>
Hodnocen\u00ed vymezen\u00fdch lokalit les\u016f v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu v NP Podyj\u00ed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00a0NP Podyj\u00ed bylo celkem bylo vymapov\u00e1no 35 lokalit v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f o celkov\u00e9 plo\u0161e 1295\u00a0ha, co\u017e je asi 20 % plochy cel\u00e9ho NP. Velikost vymezen\u00fdch lokalit je v\u00a0rozmez\u00ed od 11,5 do 80,5\u00a0ha. Co se t\u00fd\u010de prostorov\u00e9ho rozlo\u017een\u00ed pa\u0159ezin v\u00a0\u00fazem\u00ed, nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f je ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed t\u0159etin\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0katastrech Podmol\u00ed, Popice u Znojma a Znojmo-Hradi\u0161t\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161ina pa\u0159ezin se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u00fadoln\u00edch svaz\u00edch \u0159eky Dyje a jejich p\u0159\u00edtok\u016f, proto\u017ee lesy na plo\u0161in\u011b byly intenzivn\u011bji p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bny na vysok\u00e9 lesy nebo neprav\u00e9 kmenoviny.<\/p>\n

V\u016fbec nejbohat\u0161\u00edm katastrem na v\u00fdskyt pa\u0159ezin je k.\u00fa. Podmol\u00ed, kde bylo vymapov\u00e1no 569\u00a0ha. Lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee pa\u0159eziny jsou v\u00a0tomto katastru p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm typem lesa. Velk\u00fd rozsah byl zji\u0161t\u011bn i v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edch katastrech v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti NP Podyj\u00ed, tedy v\u00a0k.\u00fa. Popic\u00edch u Znojma a Znojmo-Hradi\u0161t\u011b, kde bylo shodn\u011b vymapov\u00e1no ca 230 ha. Ur\u010ditou v\u00fdjimkou v\u00fdchodn\u00edho okraje NP jsou katastry Havran\u00edky a Hnanice, kde v\u00a0posledn\u00edch stalet\u00edch p\u0159eva\u017eovaly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 plochy pastvin, kter\u00e9 byly bu\u010f plo\u0161n\u011b zales\u0148ov\u00e1ny (ak\u00e1t, borovice) nebo podlehly sukcesi. V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti se zde nach\u00e1z\u00ed ji\u017e jen drobn\u00e9 zbytky zachoval\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin (Hnanice: 79 ha, Havran\u00edky: 25,5 ha ) i p\u0159es vysokou lesnatost obou katastr\u016f, zat\u00edmco zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed lesy zde maj\u00ed podobu vysok\u00fdch les\u016f, p\u0159\u00edp. \u0159\u00eddce se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00edch neprav\u00fdch kmenovin. Jedin\u00fdm lesn\u00edm komplexem s\u00a0v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdmi porosty v\u00a0ochrann\u00e9m p\u00e1smu je lokalita Ma\u0161ovick\u00e1 st\u0159elnice. Zdej\u0161\u00ed obecn\u00ed les byl sice v\u00a0minulosti p\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn na neprav\u00e9 kmenoviny a vysok\u00fd les, ale dodnes si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch prvk\u016f pa\u0159ezin. Jedn\u00e1 se o druhov\u011b bohat\u00fd porost na hlubok\u00fdch, \u017eivinami bohat\u00fdch p\u016fd\u00e1ch s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm lesn\u00edm kontinuem.<\/p>\n

Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti NP za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pod\u00edl v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f klesat a porosty jsou \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edce sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm lesem nebo neprav\u00fdmi kmenovinami. V\u00a0katastru Lukova nad Dyj\u00ed bylo vymapov\u00e1no je\u0161t\u011b 114 ha pa\u0159ezin, av\u0161ak v\u00a0sousedn\u00edm \u010c\u00ed\u017eov\u011b je to ji\u017e jen 13 ha. V\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00edch katastrech (Lesn\u00e1 u Znojma, Vranov nad Dyj\u00ed, On\u0161ov na Morav\u011b, Podmy\u010de) ji\u017e dob\u0159e zachoval\u00e9 a plo\u0161n\u011b rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed pa\u0159eziny nebyly zji\u0161t\u011bny, i kdy\u017e jednotliv\u00e9 polykormony nebo neprav\u00e9 kmenoviny lze naj\u00edt i zde. Celkov\u011b lze tedy \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00a0Podyj\u00ed existuje gradient v\u00fdskytu v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f s\u00a0klesaj\u00edc\u00edm pod\u00edlem a zachovalost\u00ed od v\u00fdchodu na z\u00e1pad.<\/p>\n

Nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pa\u0159eziny, za\u0159azen\u00e9 do kategorie A1, prakticky \u010dist\u00e9 pa\u0159eziny s\u00a0mohutn\u00fdmi polykromony, najdeme na v\u00fdchod\u011b NP Podyj\u00ed v\u00a0k.\u00fa. Podmol\u00ed, Popice u Znojma a Znojmo-Hradi\u0161t\u011b, kde je i nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl druh\u00e9 nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kategorie (A2) s\u00a0pod\u00edlem v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch d\u0159evin nad 50 %. Sm\u011brem na z\u00e1pad jsou pa\u0159eziny \u0159azeny do kategori\u00ed A2 nebo A3.<\/p>\n

N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny koment\u00e1\u0159e k\u00a0vybran\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm a historick\u00fdm prvk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed prvky<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dendrotelmy<\/strong>: Otev\u0159en\u00e9 dutiny na b\u00e1zi polykormon\u016f vypln\u011bn\u00e9 vodou jsou v\u00a0Podyj\u00ed biotopem vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho brouka Prionocyphon serricornis<\/em> (\u010dele\u010f Scirtidae), kter\u00fd je \u0159azen mezi zraniteln\u00e9 druhy na\u0161\u00ed fauny. Host\u00ed ale i \u0159adu skupin vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch dvouk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdch (Diptera).<\/p>\n

Doupn\u00e9 stromy<\/strong>: V\u00fdskyt doupn\u00fdch strom\u016f v\u00a0pa\u0159ezin\u00e1ch Podyj\u00ed je obecn\u011b velmi vysok\u00fd a souvis\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159est\u00e1rl\u00fdm charakterem pa\u0159ezin a v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b bezz\u00e1sahov\u00fdm re\u017eimem. Hodnocen\u00ed lokalit uk\u00e1zalo nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskyt strom\u016f s\u00a0dutinami na lokalit\u00e1ch v\u00a0k.\u00fa. Podmol\u00ed a Popice u Znojma. Dutiny jsou biotopem jak bezobratl\u00fdch, tak obratlovc\u016f, jako je nap\u0159. dudek chocholat\u00fd (Upupa epops) nebo netop\u00fd\u0159i. \u00a0Doupn\u00e9 stromy pat\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto do skupiny ch\u0159adnouc\u00edch nebo mrtv\u00fdch strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 se \u010dasem vyvrac\u00ed a jsou zdrojem le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011btliny<\/strong>: Fenom\u00e9nem Podyj\u00ed je velkoplo\u0161n\u00fd v\u00fdskyt r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f tzv. sv\u011btl\u00fdch les\u016f. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o teplomiln\u00e9 doubravy vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v\u00a0minulosti k\u00a0pastv\u011b a \u010dasto intenzivn\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159eva. I kdy\u017e z\u00e1poj porost\u016f se v\u00a0posledn\u00edch cca 60 letech v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il, vysok\u00fd pod\u00edl lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin dosud najdeme nap\u0159. v\u00a0zakrsl\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin\u00e1ch na strm\u00fdch ji\u017en\u00edch svaz\u00edch (viz nap\u0159. lokality Kr\u00e1l\u016fv stolec, Zl\u00e1man\u00e1 sk\u00e1la, \u0160irok\u00e1 louka a Li\u0161\u010d\u00ed sk\u00e1la) nebo i na m\u00edrn\u011b sva\u017eit\u00fdch plo\u0161in\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. Popick\u00e1 pa\u0159ezina, Sealsfield\u016fv k\u00e1men). O p\u0159\u00edtomnosti pastvy sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdskyt v\u0159esu nebo jalovc\u016f. Druhov\u011b nejbohat\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btliny najdeme na lokalit\u00e1ch Hardeggsk\u00e1 str\u00e1\u0148 nebo Nad Uhl\u00ed\u0159ovou loukou, a to zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky v\u00e1pencov\u00e9mu podlo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
Zakrsl\u00e9 doubravy s v\u0159esem pobl\u00ed\u017e Homole<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Ekotonov\u00e1 spole\u010denstva okraj\u016f<\/strong>: Spole\u010denstva ekoton\u016f jsou dob\u0159e vyvinuta zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0porostech s\u00a0plo\u0161n\u011b rozs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00edmi lesn\u00edmi sv\u011btlinami, nap\u0159.\u00a0 na lokalit\u00e1ch Hardeggsk\u00e1 str\u00e1\u0148, Nad Uhl\u00ed\u0159ovou loukou nebo Nov\u00fd Hr\u00e1dek. Hodnotn\u00e9 ekotony se ale nach\u00e1zej\u00ed i pod\u00e9l lesn\u00edch cest nebo v\u00a0m\u00edstech, kde lesy soused\u00ed s\u00a0loukami (nap\u0159. Lipina nebo Popick\u00e1 pa\u0159ezina) nebo vinicemi (Hrab\u011bc\u00ed hora a Dlouh\u00fd vrch)<\/p>\n

V\u00fdstavky<\/strong>: V\u00fdstavky, tedy stromy p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00fdmi rozm\u011bry okoln\u00ed porost, najdeme nejv\u00edce v\u00a0porostech, kde se v\u00a0minulosti hojn\u011b p\u00e1slo a m\u00e9n\u011b pa\u0159ezilo. Typick\u00e9 je to nap\u0159. v\u00a0okol\u00ed Popic (lokality Sealsfield\u016fv k\u00e1men a Trauznick\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed), kde jsou m\u00edsty vzrostl\u00e9, ko\u0161at\u00e9 duby rostouc\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u011b na voln\u00e9 plo\u0161e. V\u00fdrazn\u00e9 v\u00fdstavky najdeme ale i jinde, nap\u0159. v\u00a0porostech pa\u0159ezin sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch s\u00a0vysok\u00fdm lesem.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 polykormony<\/strong>: Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikost v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch polykormon\u016f byla zji\u0161t\u011bna v\u00a0pa\u0159ezin\u00e1ch\u00a0k.\u00fa. Podmol\u00ed (Nad \u0160obesem nebo Nad Li\u0161\u010d\u00ed sk\u00e1lou). Impozantn\u00edch rozm\u011br\u016f dosahuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 polykormony i u Popic (Sealsfield\u016fv k\u00e1men a\u00a0Popick\u00e1 pa\u0159ezina), kde rozp\u011bt\u00ed trs\u016f p\u0159esahuje i 5 m. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9 stromy je\u0161t\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0dan\u00e9mu polykormonu. Velikost polykormon\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm vod\u00edtkem starobylosti pa\u0159eziny. Nejmohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed polykormony jsou d\u016fkazem minim\u00e1ln\u011b stalet\u00e9 existence pa\u0159ezin v\u00a0Podyj\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed polykormony, t\u00edm v\u00edce mikrobiotop\u016f strom poskytuje pro bezobratl\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy. B\u00e1ze strom\u016f jsou v\u00a0bohat\u011b v\u011btven\u00fdch polykormonech dut\u00e9 a \u010dasto vypln\u011bn\u00e9 trouchem. Vznik\u00e1 zde \u010dasto hniloba, kter\u00e1 je pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro os\u00eddlen\u00ed d\u0159eva dal\u0161\u00edmi organismy, stejn\u011b tak je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost mravenc\u016f.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
Mohutn\u00e9 polykromony nad Li\u0161\u010d\u00ed sk\u00e1lou o pr\u016fm\u011bru a\u017e 5 m<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 druhy<\/strong>: Vzhledem k\u00a0p\u0159est\u00e1rl\u00e9mu charakteru pa\u0159ezin a pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00e9mu pod\u00edlu mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva jsou podyjsk\u00e9 pa\u0159eziny velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm biotopem saproxylick\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu, zejm\u00e9na brouk\u016f. D\u016fle\u017eitou roli hraje i v\u00fdskyt lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin, kter\u00e9 host\u00ed krom\u011b hmyzu i v\u00fdznamnou kv\u011btenu, zejm\u00e9na na bohat\u0161\u00edch substr\u00e1tech. V\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 poloha Podyj\u00ed na okraji Panonsk\u00e9 provincie, proto zde najdeme mno\u017estv\u00ed druh\u016f na okraji are\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdskyt n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o vysok\u00e9m stupni starobylosti a dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 lesn\u00ed kontinuitu v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du minim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolika stovek let. Jako indik\u00e1tory mohou slou\u017eit nap\u0159\u00edklad drobn\u00ed nosatci rod\u016f Acalles, Echinodera, Onyxacalles a Kyklioacalles. Z\u00a0nich pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Kyklikoacalles suturatus<\/em> \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed hojn\u011b v\u00a0acidofiln\u00edch a teplomiln\u00fdch doubrav\u00e1ch. Reliktn\u00ed charakter maj\u00ed i d\u0159evomilovit\u00ed brouci (Eucnemidae) s\u00a0vysok\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky na kontinuitu, kvalitu a mno\u017estv\u00ed mrtv\u00e9ho d\u0159eva.<\/p>\n

Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed biota pa\u0159ezin je velmi specifick\u00e1 vzhledem k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pa\u0159eziny jsou p\u0159est\u00e1rl\u00e9 a neprob\u00edh\u00e1 jejich obnova. \u00dadaje o biot\u011b aktivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin Podyj\u00ed chyb\u00ed, omezen\u011b existuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 historick\u00e9 \u00fadaje o dnes vymizel\u00fdch druz\u00edch, o nich\u017e lze odhadovat, \u017ee byly v\u00e1z\u00e1ny na pa\u0159eziny (nap\u0159. ok\u00e1\u010d j\u00edlkov\u00fd (Lopinga achine<\/em>)). N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny p\u0159\u00edklady nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f fauny a fl\u00f3ry podyjsk\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f <\/strong><\/p>\n

jaso\u0148 dymnivkov\u00fd (Parnassius mnemosyne<\/em>): sv\u011btl\u00e9 lesy s\u00a0v\u00fdskytem dymnivek<\/p>\n

mravkolev Dendroleon pantherinus<\/em>: vazba na dutiny se such\u00fdm trouchem<\/p>\n

kova\u0159\u00edk Ischnodes sanguinicollis<\/em>: dutinov\u00fd druh listnat\u00fdch d\u0159evin<\/p>\n

krasec Acmaeoderella flavofasciata<\/em>: v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0odum\u0159el\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00edch dub\u016f, t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdskytu v Podyj\u00ed<\/p>\n

nosat\u010d\u00edk Oryxolaemus flavifemoratus<\/em>: \u017eije v\u00a0\u0159\u00eddk\u00fdch les\u00edch na kru\u010dince barv\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9<\/p>\n

nosatec Gasterocercus depressirostris<\/em>: v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0odum\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch a mrtv\u00fdch dubech<\/p>\n

tesa\u0159\u00edk broskvo\u0148ov\u00fd (Purpuricenus kaehleri<\/em>): v\u00fdvoj v\u00a0odum\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch v\u011btv\u00edch dub\u016f<\/p>\n

tesa\u0159\u00edk obrovsk\u00fd (Cerambyx cerdo<\/em>): vazba na star\u00e9 duby<\/p>\n

dudek chocholat\u00fd (Upupa epops<\/em>): hn\u00edzd\u00ed v\u00a0dut\u00fdch stromech, \u010dasto v doubrav\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

u\u017eovka stromov\u00e1 (Zamenis longissimus<\/em>): druh lesostepn\u00edch lokalit, t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b v\u00fdskytu v Podyj\u00ed<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklady nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rostlin <\/strong><\/p>\n

divizna ozdobn\u00e1 (Verbascum speciosum<\/em>): vz\u00e1cn\u011b na sv\u011btlin\u00e1ch v\u00a0okol\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho Hr\u00e1dku<\/p>\n

dub p\u00fd\u0159it\u00fd (Quercus pubescens<\/em>): vz\u00e1cn\u011b na lokalit\u00e1ch s\u00a0v\u00e1pnit\u00fdm substr\u00e1tem<\/p>\n

kosatec r\u016fznobarv\u00fd (Iris variegata<\/em>): typick\u00fd druh skaln\u00edch ostro\u017een a lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin<\/p>\n

kru\u010dinka chlupat\u00e1 (Genista pilosa<\/em>): typick\u00fd druh \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdch les\u016f a v\u0159esovi\u0161\u0165<\/p>\n

k\u0159ivatec \u010desk\u00fd (Gagea bohemica<\/em>): v\u00a0nej\u0159id\u0161\u00edch doubrav\u00e1ch na strm\u00fdch svaz\u00edch<\/p>\n

k\u00fdchavice \u010dern\u00e1 (Veratrum nigrum<\/em>): velmi vz\u00e1cn\u011b na lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

l\u00fdkovec vonn\u00fd (Daphne cneorum<\/em>): velmi vz\u00e1cn\u011b na lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

oman me\u010dolist\u00fd (Inula ensifolia<\/em>): vz\u00e1cn\u011b na lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin\u00e1ch s\u00a0v\u00e1pnit\u00fdm substr\u00e1tem<\/p>\n

t\u0159emdava b\u00edl\u00e1 (Dictamnus albus<\/em>): typick\u00fd druh velmi \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdch doubrav a lesn\u00edch okraj\u016f<\/p>\n

volovec vrbolist\u00fd (Buphthalmum salicifolium<\/em>): velmi vz\u00e1cn\u011b na lesn\u00edch sv\u011btlin\u00e1ch u \u010c\u00ed\u017eova<\/p>\n

\n

Historick\u00e9 prvky<\/strong><\/p>\n

Archeologick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky<\/strong>: V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Podyj\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm pam\u00e1tk\u00e1m z\u0159\u00edcenina Nov\u00e9ho Hr\u00e1dku u Lukova. Z\u00a0okol\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho Hr\u00e1dku existuje i mno\u017estv\u00ed archeologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f (keramika, me\u010d, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a dal\u0161\u00ed kovov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty) z\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch obdob\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm nalezi\u0161t\u011bm je tak\u00e9 \u0160obes a jeho okol\u00ed. V\u00a0n\u011bkter\u00fdch lesn\u00edch porostech lze tak\u00e9 naj\u00edt zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 terasy, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, dokazuj\u00edc\u00ed minulou kultivaci \u00fazem\u00ed. Terasy patrn\u011b slou\u017eily jako vinice nebo drobn\u00e1 pol\u00ed\u010dka. V\u011bt\u0161inou jsou patrn\u00e9 jen jako hlinit\u00e9 ter\u00e9nn\u00ed vlny, jindy se dochovaly i podp\u011brn\u00e9 z\u00eddky. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed uk\u00e1zky je mo\u017en\u00e9 vid\u011bt na lokalit\u011b Nov\u00fd Hr\u00e1dek a Kr\u00e1l\u016fv stolec. V\u00a0\u00fast\u00ed Hajsk\u00e9ho potoka jsou zbytky st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho ml\u00fdna, stejn\u011b jako v\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed Ma\u0161ovick\u00e9ho potoka.<\/p>\n

Hrani\u010dn\u00ed kameny<\/strong>: Hrani\u010dn\u00ed kameny byly nalezeny pouze v\u00a0Popick\u00e9 pa\u0159ezin\u011b, kde se jich nach\u00e1z\u00ed n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti lesn\u00edho okraje, ale i hloub\u011bji v\u00a0lesn\u00edm porostu.<\/p>\n

Star\u00e9 cesty a stezky<\/strong>: V\u011bt\u0161inou lokalit podyjsk\u00fdch pa\u0159ezin proch\u00e1z\u00ed star\u00e9 cesty a stezky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou dodnes pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v\u00a0nezm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 trase, jin\u00e9 jsou opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 a postupn\u011b spl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0okoln\u00edm lesem. Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed nap\u0159. cesta p\u0159et\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed \u00fadol\u00ed od Podmol\u00ed p\u0159es \u0160obes sm\u011brem k\u00a0Hnanic\u00edm, kter\u00e1 je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na minim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed. Dlouhou historii maj\u00ed i cesty vedouc\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fadoln\u00edm louk\u00e1m (lokality \u0160irok\u00e1 louka, Lipina, Nad Uhl\u00ed\u0159ovou loukou aj.).\u00a0 V\u00a0pa\u0159ezin\u011b Dev\u011bt ml\u00fdn\u016f jsou zbytky star\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161in, kudy byl hn\u00e1n dobytek z\u00a0\u00fadol\u00ed na plo\u0161inu, ale je zde i dlouh\u00e1 svahov\u00e1 cesta s\u00a0podp\u011brnou zd\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Technick\u00e9 objekty<\/strong>: V\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Podyj\u00ed je za technick\u00e9 objekty mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat nap\u0159\u00edklad bunkry hrani\u010dn\u00edho opevn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou roztrou\u0161en\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. Na lokalit\u00e1ch Lipina, Nad \u0160obesem a Dev\u011bt ml\u00fdn\u016f jsou tak\u00e9 patrn\u00e9 stopy, kudy vedla \u017eelezn\u00e1 opona. Dodnes je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0les\u00edch naj\u00edt zbytky oplocen\u00ed, izol\u00e1tor\u016f apod.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
P\u0159\u00edkop nebo star\u00fd \u00favoz na okraji lesa na Hrab\u011bc\u00ed ho\u0159e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u016fzkum NP Podyj\u00ed uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee \u00fadol\u00ed Dyje je velmi v\u00fdznamnou oblast\u00ed v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f ji\u017en\u00ed Moravy. N\u011bkter\u00e9 lokality jsou obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1ny jako n\u00edzk\u00e9 lesy minim\u00e1ln\u011b n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed, na co\u017e lze usuzovat z\u00a0mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 velikosti polykormon\u016f. Najdeme zde nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed typy pa\u0159ezin 1-2. lesn\u00edho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho stupn\u011b \u0159azen\u00e9 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b do kysel\u00fdch, zakrsl\u00fdch nebo habrov\u00fdch doubrav. Dosavadn\u00ed \u00fadaje o biot\u011b potvrzuj\u00ed v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdznam pa\u0159ezin Podyj\u00ed pro ochranu lesn\u00ed biodiverzity, zejm\u00e9na druhy sv\u011btl\u00fdch les\u016f a druhy v\u00e1zan\u00e9 na mrtv\u00e9 d\u0159evo. Tyto lesy byly v\u00a0minulosti formov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 pastvou, hrab\u00e1n\u00edm steliva a patrn\u011b i dal\u0161\u00edmi typy vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed les\u016f. Do budoucna bude zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 sledovat v\u00fdvoj pa\u0159ezin Podyj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou z\u00a0velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ponech\u00e1ny bez z\u00e1sahu, stejn\u011b jako porost\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch k\u00a0obnov\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edho zp\u016fsobu hospoda\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pozn.: ps\u00e1no v roce 2015 (autor: R. Stejskal)<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>
Habrovo-lipov\u00e9 pa\u0159eziny na su\u0165ov\u00fdch svaz\u00edch (Pod Pap\u00edrnou)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park (= NP) Podyj\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edm s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm historick\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka. \u00dadol\u00ed Dyje bylo odprad\u00e1vna vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k\u00a0t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch lesn\u00edch produkt\u016f, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fadoln\u00ed nivy byly p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na louky a rovinat\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na plo\u0161in\u011b s\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdou byly kultivov\u00e1ny na poln\u00ed kultury. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u011bla v\u00a0krajin\u011b Podyj\u00ed pastva, kter\u00e1 s\u00a0r\u016fznou intenzitou … <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed „N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Podyj\u00ed“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-602","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nN\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Podyj\u00ed - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/np-podyji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park Podyj\u00ed - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed informace N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park (= NP) Podyj\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed k\u00a0\u00fazem\u00edm s\u00a0dlouh\u00fdm historick\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka. \u00dadol\u00ed Dyje bylo odprad\u00e1vna vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no k\u00a0t\u011b\u017eb\u011b d\u0159evn\u00ed hmoty a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch lesn\u00edch produkt\u016f, \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fadoln\u00ed nivy byly p\u0159em\u011bn\u011bny na louky a rovinat\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti na plo\u0161in\u011b s\u00a0hlub\u0161\u00ed p\u016fdou byly kultivov\u00e1ny na poln\u00ed kultury. 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