{"id":240,"date":"2014-11-28T14:20:35","date_gmt":"2014-11-28T13:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/?page_id=240"},"modified":"2017-01-31T14:59:52","modified_gmt":"2017-01-31T13:59:52","slug":"prirodni-podminky-pro-vznik-vymladkovych-lesu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/prirodni-podminky-pro-vznik-vymladkovych-lesu\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro vymezen\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a lokalit starobyl\u00fdch v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f je diferenciace \u00fazem\u00ed podle p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro vznik pa\u0159ezin. Pro tuto diferenciaci lze vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdsledk\u016f geobiocenologick\u00e9 typologie lesa a krajiny (Bu\u010dek & Lacina 2007). Vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f byl podm\u00edn\u011bn v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zastoupen\u00edm tzv. pa\u0159ezinotvorn\u00fdch druh\u016f d\u0159evin v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech, tedy druh\u016f s\u00a0v\u00fdbornou v\u00fdmladnou schopnost\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dub\u016f (Quercus<\/i> spp.) a habru obecn\u00e9ho (Carpinus betulus<\/i>). Mo\u017enost vzniku pa\u0159ezin byla rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ovlivn\u011bna vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stup\u0148ovitost\u00ed, vystihuj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u00edly zastoupen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f d\u0159evin stromovit\u00e9ho vzr\u016fstu v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch les\u00edch. Podstatn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b ovliv\u0148uje mo\u017enost vzniku pa\u0159ezin p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost do trofick\u00fdch a hydrick\u00fdch \u0159ad a mezi\u0159ad.<\/p>\n

Pro diferenciaci p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek vzniku v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR byl vyu\u017e\u00edt registr biogeografie, kter\u00fd obsahuje informace o zastoupe\u00adn\u00ed nadstavbov\u00fdch jednotek geobiocenologick\u00e9ho \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed krajiny v\u00a0katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00edch \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (Bu\u010dek & Lacina 1988). Registr biogeografie vznikl jako sou\u010d\u00e1st IS\u00da \u2013 Integrovan\u00e9ho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu o \u00fazem\u00ed (Kopeck\u00e1 1994).\u00a0 Katas\u00adtr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed bylo vybr\u00e1no jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prostorov\u00e1 jednotka registru biogeografie p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm proto, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 hodno\u00adtit dynamiku zm\u011bn v krajin\u011b s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm t\u011bch periodicky obno\u00advovan\u00fdch datab\u00e1z\u00ed IS\u00da, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav a zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed krajiny (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edho fondu a po\u010det obyvatel). V t\u011bchto datab\u00e1z\u00edch je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed prostorovou jednotkou katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed nebo jin\u00fd sv\u00e1zan\u00fd prvek \u00fazemn\u00ed identifikace. Takto dan\u00e1 v\u00fdhodn\u00e1 mo\u017enost vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed aplika\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f, vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f o faktorech p\u016fsob\u00ed\u00adc\u00edch na krajinu, byla hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem pou\u017eit\u00ed katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fazem\u00ed jako z\u00e1kladn\u00edch prvk\u016f registru biogeografie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm vyv\u00e1\u017eila negativn\u00ed str\u00e1nky tohoto prostorov\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p>\n

Charakter vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stup\u0148ovitosti v katastr\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00faze\u00adm\u00edch \u010cR vystihuje v\u00a0registru biogeografie 26 k\u00f3dovac\u00edch jednotek, z nich\u017e sedm je homogenn\u00edch (zahrnuje v\u00fdskyt pouze jednoho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho stup\u00adn\u011b) a 19 heterogenn\u00edch. Obsah heterogenn\u00edch k\u00f3d\u016f byl vymezen tak, \u017ee zahrnuje p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stupe\u0148 (50 – 70 % plochy katastr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed) a vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stupe\u0148 navazuj\u00edc\u00ed (30 – 50 % plochy katastr\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed), p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odli\u0161en\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed vegeta\u010dn\u00edch stup\u0148\u016f, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch oblastech, pro jejich\u017e katastr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed jsou charakteris\u00adtick\u00e9 kombinace 5. a\u017e 8. vegeta\u010dn\u00edho stupn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pro diferenciaci p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f byly k\u00f3dy vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stup\u0148ovitosti v\u00a0registru biogeografie rozd\u011bleny do 5 kategori\u00ed. Krit\u00e9riem pro\u00a0vytvo\u0159en\u00ed algoritmu byl rozd\u00edln\u00fd v\u00fdskyt edifik\u00e1tor\u016f p\u0159irozen\u00fdch lesn\u00edch biocen\u00f3z s\u00a0velmi dobrou v\u00fdmladnou schopnost\u00ed v\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch stupn\u00edch. Velmi dobr\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik pa\u0159ezin (kat. A) jsou ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edch stupn\u00edch, kde je dominantn\u00ed d\u0159evinou p\u0159irozen\u00fdch lesn\u00edch biocen\u00f3z dub, tedy v\u00a01. dubov\u00e9m a 2.\u00a0bukodubov\u00e9m vegeta\u010dn\u00edm stupni. Dobr\u00e9 podm\u00ednky (kat. B) jsou tam, kde m\u00e1 dub v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed (3. dubobukov\u00fd vegeta\u010dn\u00ed stupe\u0148). V\u00a0obou t\u011bchto kategori\u00edch je v\u00a0p\u0159irozen\u00fdch lesn\u00edch biocen\u00f3z\u00e1ch tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed habru. M\u00e1lo vhodn\u00e9 (kat. C) a nevhodn\u00e9 (kat. D) p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik pa\u0159ezin jsou ve vegeta\u010dn\u00edch stupn\u00edch s\u00a0dominanc\u00ed buku, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdmladnou schopnost. Zcela nevhodn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro vznik pa\u0159ezin (kat. E) jsou ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vegeta\u010dn\u00edch stupn\u00edch s\u00a0v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pod\u00edlem \u010di dominanc\u00ed jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch d\u0159evin, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed schopnost vegetativn\u00ed regenerace.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledn\u00e9 \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR z\u00a0hlediska podm\u00ednek vzniku v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na map\u011b v p\u0159\u00edloze. V\u00a0Tab. 1 jsou uvedeny \u00fadaje o ploch\u00e1ch jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed bez ohledu na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed krajiny. Velmi dobr\u00e9 a dobr\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f (kategorie A + B) jsou sice tak\u0159ka na t\u0159etin\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR, ale\u00a0jedn\u00e1 se o oblasti s\u00a0velmi malou lesnatost\u00ed, v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod celost\u00e1tn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem. V\u00a0oblasti s\u00a0velmi dobr\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami pro vznik pa\u0159ezin (kat. A) je lesnatost pouze 11,85%, v\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0dobr\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami (kat. B) \u010din\u00ed lesnatost 22,3%.<\/p>\n

Tab. 1: P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cR.<\/i><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plocha \u00fazem\u00ed [ha]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pod\u00edl z \u00fazem\u00ed v \u010cR [%]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

A – velmi dobr\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

1 005 305<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

12,81<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

B – dobr\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

1 327 602<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

16,92<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

C – m\u00e1lo vhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

695 182<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

8,86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

D – nevhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

3 295 779<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41,99<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

E – zcela nevhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

1 524 161<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

19,42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Pro hled\u00e1n\u00ed a vymezen\u00ed oblast\u00ed se starobyl\u00fdmi v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdmi lesy jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fadaje o ploch\u00e1ch lesa v\u00a0r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch kategori\u00ed (Tab. 2). V\u00a0oblastech s velmi dobr\u00fdmi a dobr\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami pro vznik pa\u0159ezin (kat. A+B) je plocha sou\u010dasn\u00fdch les\u016f 416\u00a0704 ha (16,26% plochy \u010desk\u00fdch les\u016f). Je t\u0159eba zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee ne v\u0161echny sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lesn\u00ed porosty v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech jsou v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 to i ze srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00a0plochou les\u016f v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu v\u00a0polovin\u011b minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. V\u00a0map\u011b d\u0159evinn\u00e9 skladby les\u016f (Svoboda & WeingartelL1941) jsou n\u00edzk\u00e9 lesy zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny na plo\u0161e 101\u00a0056 ha. K\u00a0tomuto \u00fadaji lze p\u0159idat i plochu les\u016f, ozna\u010den\u00fdch v map\u011b jako doubravy (42\u00a0771 ha), z\u00a0nich\u017e mnoh\u00e9 jsou tak\u00e9 prokazateln\u011b v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu.\u00a0 V\u00a050. letech 20. stolet\u00ed \u010dinila v\u00a0\u010desk\u00fdch kraj\u00edch plocha lesa \u201ev\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho\u201c 84\u00a0589 ha a lesa \u201esdru\u017een\u00e9ho\u201c 52\u00a0269 ha, porosty p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu tedy byly na plo\u0161e 136\u00a0858 ha (\u010cerm\u00e1k et al. 1955). Podle lesnick\u00e9 evidence je sou\u010dasn\u00e1 plocha n\u00edzk\u00fdch a st\u0159edn\u00edch les\u016f nepatrn\u00e1. V\u00a0roce 2008 bylo do hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho tvaru n\u00edzk\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho lesa za\u010dlen\u011bno pouze 9 000 ha porostn\u00ed p\u016fdy, tj. 0,36% celkov\u00e9 plochy les\u016f \u010cR (Ministerstvo zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed 2009).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tab. 2: P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f v\u00a0\u010cR na plo\u0161e sou\u010dasn\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/i><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Plocha les\u016f [ha]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Pod\u00edl z plochy sou\u010dasn\u00fdch les\u016f v \u010cR [%]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

A – velmi dobr\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

119 403<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

4,66<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

B – dobr\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

297 301<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

11,6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

C – m\u00e1lo vhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

266 004<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

10,38<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

D – nevhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

1 072 906<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

41,86<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

E – zcela nevhodn\u00e9<\/i><\/td>\n\n

807 570<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

31,51<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky poskytuje anal\u00fdza p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f v\u00a0jednotk\u00e1ch biogeografick\u00e9ho \u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed \u010cR (Culek 1996). V\u0161echny sou\u010dasn\u00e9 lesy ve v\u0161ech bioregionech Severopanonsk\u00e9 biogeografick\u00e9 podprovincie maj\u00ed velmi dobr\u00e9 a dobr\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f. V\u00a0Z\u00e1padokarpatsk\u00e9 podprovinci\u00ed se velmi dobr\u00e9 a dobr\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00fdch les\u00edch vyskytuj\u00ed v\u00a09 z\u00a011 bioregion\u016f a v\u00a0Hercynsk\u00e9\u00a0 \u00a0podprovinci\u00ed ve 40 ze 70 bioregion\u016f. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plocha sou\u010dasn\u00fdch les\u016f s\u00a0velmi dobr\u00fdmi a dobr\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami pro vznik pa\u0159ezin je v\u00a0n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch bioregionech: Jevi\u0161ovick\u00fd (31\u00a0580 ha), Cidlinsko-chlumeck\u00fd (28\u00a0741 ha), Mladoboleslavsk\u00fd (25\u00a0107 ha), K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsk\u00fd (24\u00a0688 ha), Brn\u011bnsk\u00fd (21\u00a0580 ha), Hustope\u010dsk\u00fd (16\u00a0740 ha), Polabsk\u00fd (16\u00a0085 ha) a \u017dd\u00e1nicko-liten\u010dick\u00fd (15\u00a0482 ha). Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u00a0t\u011bchto oblastech je soust\u0159ed\u011bn v\u00fdskyt lokalit starobyl\u00fdch v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"Obr_2\"<\/a>
P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f v \u010cR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro vymezen\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a lokalit starobyl\u00fdch v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f je diferenciace \u00fazem\u00ed podle p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro vznik pa\u0159ezin. Pro tuto diferenciaci lze vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdsledk\u016f geobiocenologick\u00e9 typologie lesa a krajiny (Bu\u010dek & Lacina 2007). Vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f byl podm\u00edn\u011bn v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zastoupen\u00edm tzv. pa\u0159ezinotvorn\u00fdch druh\u016f d\u0159evin v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch\u00a0lesn\u00edch porostech, tedy druh\u016f s\u00a0v\u00fdbornou v\u00fdmladnou schopnost\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm … <\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dovat ve \u010dten\u00ed „P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-240","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nP\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fraxinus.mendelu.cz\/vymladkovelesy\/prirodni-podminky-pro-vznik-vymladkovych-lesu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vznik v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f - Starobyl\u00e9 v\u00fdmladkov\u00e9 lesy, jejich v\u00fdznam a udr\u017eitelnost v\u00a0kulturn\u00ed krajin\u011b\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jedn\u00edm z\u00a0podklad\u016f pro vymezen\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a lokalit starobyl\u00fdch v\u00fdmladkov\u00fdch les\u016f je diferenciace \u00fazem\u00ed podle p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pro vznik pa\u0159ezin. Pro tuto diferenciaci lze vyu\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdsledk\u016f geobiocenologick\u00e9 typologie lesa a krajiny (Bu\u010dek & Lacina 2007). 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